Structure
Pattern A — Coordinating conjunction: [Independent clause] , [conjunction] [Independent clause] "The student studied hard, and she passed the exam." "The teacher prepared a new activity, but the students had already completed it." "The researcher found the pattern early, so she submitted the report before the deadline." Pattern B — Semicolon: [Independent clause] ; [Independent clause] "The student reviewed her notes carefully; she felt confident before the examination." Pattern C — Conjunctive adverb: [Independent clause] ; [conjunctive adverb] , [Independent clause] "The first draft was complete; however, it required significant revision before submission."
The comma rule
Always place a comma before the coordinating conjunction when joining two independent clauses: ✅ "The student studied hard, and she passed." ❌ "The student studied hard and she passed."
Exception: when both clauses are very short, the comma is sometimes omitted in informal writing. In formal and academic writing, always use the comma.